Early Childhood Education

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Education. Answer: Zone of Proximal Development Thezone of proximal development(ZPD) has been defined as: The actual space or the distance which lies between the real developmental level that has been determined by the free problem solution plus the level of the potential development which may be determined by problem-solving while under the mature guidance of the better and the capable peers (Lisle, 2006). Maria started the college, during her semester, she also decided to simultaneously start an introductory course of tennis. Her training started with learning and practicing a shot as well.Slowly she learned how to serve and properly do the backhand (Poehner, 2012). Her instructor found that she is very irate as she keeps on hitting the shots into the net and also sometimes very far away from the baseline. The instructor carefully tested her swing and noticed that though her stance is good, she hits with power and at the right height. He also noticed that she is gripping the racquet in the same manner, as she hits the backhand. So he showed her the right manner to reposition the hand for hitting a perfect forehand. The instructor also explained and models a perfect forehand which is good for her, and then also asked her to change her grip (Poehner, 2012). With the passage of time and accurate practice, her shot turned out to be a superb weapon for her! Thus, Maria developed a zone of accurate development for perfectly hitting a forehand hit. She was good in tennis but required a bit of expertise so as to come out as a success seeker in this task. Bowlby's Attachment Theory: The evolutionarytheory of attachment of Bowlby suggests that kids come into the world biologically already pre-programmed so as to make the attachments with other people, as this shall assist them to live.Bowlby had a belief that the attachment behaviours are particularly the instinctive plus shall be activated in and by any circumstance plus it seems to be threatened by the accomplishment of the proximity, like fear, separation, and insecurity (Schwartz, 2015).The attachment behaviour in the older ones towards the kids has the responding sensitively refers to the needs of the kids. This behaviour is to be universe among all the cultures. The theory also provides complete information and also the explanation related to the influences of the parent-child common relationships and also emerges subsequent improvements and developments (Waters et al., 2002). When a child is close to the parents, the child is in the state of total carefree attitude and is in a safer state of mind, which also shows him to be careless in tasks, whereas in situations when the child is away from his parents, he is much more careful and is also very alert all of the times that something bad do not happen to him, at this stage he has to take care of himself. This example describes the nature of the child and also the change of behaviour of the child in different situations and conditions. Maslow Theory of Hierarchy: In earlier times, before theMaslow, almost all of the researchers focused one by one on factors such as achievement, biology, and the power so as to elaborate the directs, energizes, and ultimately sustains the behaviour of human beings. Maslow explained aHierarchy of human needs and demands which are based on 2 groupings: growth needs and the deficiency needs (Udechukwu, 2009). Refer the deficiency needs; each and every lower demand is required to be accomplished so as to move to the next or the higher level. Once every such need is satisfied, and at times in future, in case any shortcoming is found, the person shall act immediately to eradicate the deficiency. The 4 levels are: 1. Physiological: thirst, hunger, all kinds of the bodily comforts, etc. 2. Security, safety: out of any sort of danger condition; 3. Love and Belongingness: connection with others, be adopted and accepted; and 4. Esteem: to be competent, recognition, achieve and gain approval. All kids have an almost similar kind of needs which in the case is met with the assistance of the adults, fellow beings. The teachers might assist or mould the child and further build a reasonable foundation for his concerned adulthood (Udechukwu, 2009). Incase, there is a lack of any kind refers needs, it may result in restriction or hindrance in the outcome of the performance of that particular child and awkward behaviour of the child at school. Theory of Mind The TOM which refers to the Theory of Mind is the comprehensive and complete understanding of the behaviour of one own person and the other person's mental status, which includes the beliefs, thoughts, knowledge , perceptions, intentions, emotions, and desires of how such kinds of the mental states affects the behaviour. Sometimes is known as the folk psychology, intuitive psychology and even the mind-reading, ToM has been able to make us understand the innate ability of the human beings (Rosell-Clari and Gonzlez, 2016). The knowledge that other humans have the mental states which are quite different and varied from one's own ensures to infer that what other humans are thinking or may also assist to predict their nature and behaviour. This capability to understand one's own mind state, plus those of the minds state of others, is central and most common to almost all of the human consciousness. Whethert the kids by age of 3 or 4 years old might have a theory of mind refers to be a big debate to the researchers. It has been since long a very challenging question to answer even till today. A child who is just 6 years of age, has got the ability to find out what exactly is s going in the minds of the others, in some particular situations or circumstances. For example if something which has been done by the child has resulted into some financial loss , certainly the other person who is elder to him shall want to beat him or scold him by hard talks. References Lisle, A. (2006). Maintaining interaction at the zone of proximal development through reflexive practice and action research.Teacher Development, 10(1), pp.117-143. Poehner, M. (2012). The Zone of Proximal Development and the Genesis of Self-Assessment.The Modern Language Journal, 96(4), pp.610-622. Rosell-Clari, V. and Gonzlez, B. (2016). Theory of Mind (ToM) and language: stimulating metalinguistic skills in people with dementia.CoDAS, (ahead), pp.0-0. Schwartz, J. (2015). The Unacknowledged History of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory.British Journal of Psychotherapy, 31(2), pp.251-266. Udechukwu, I. (2009). Correctional Officer Turnover: Of Maslow's Needs Hierarchy and Herzberg's Motivation Theory.Public Personnel Management, 38(2), pp.69-82. Waters, E., Crowell, J., Elliott, M., Corcoran, D. and Treboux, D. (2002). Bowlby's secure base theory and the social/personality psychology of attachment styles: Work(s) in progress.Attachment Human Development, 4(2), pp.230-242.