The Importance and Struggles of the Black Studies Movement Sample Essay Example For Students

The Importance and Struggles of the Black Studies Movement Sample Essay The development of African American Studies or Black Studies provides an interesting and important facet to the history of the battles of black work forces and adult females. As a multidisciplinary academic concentration. it serves to analyse the history. political relations. and civilization of African-based societies and communities. This comparatively new survey has encountered an mixture of challenges within and outside of its educational premises. The trouble in ramifying and pull offing this field is populating cogent evidence of the on-going black motion. These concerns should be made cognizant to convey about solutions to advance the importance of this interdisciplinary country of research. Before explicating the modern-day issues and possible solutions refering the instruction of Black Studies. it is indispensable to show a little overview of the history of how black surveies came approximately. The earliest grounds of African American Studies was promoted by a determined wh ite group of Quaker pedagogues during the 17th century. In fact. they even created a well-developed. durable school specifically for inkinesss to learn them â€Å"to be capable of dispatching the responsibilities of equal and entire citizenship† ( Crouchett. 189 ) . We will write a custom essay on The Importance and Struggles of the Black Studies Movement Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As stated in a reading called the â€Å"Early Black Studies Movements† by Lawrence Crouchett. black surveies were taught through the visions of Religious society of friendss who promoted the thought of â€Å"teaching black common people about their history. civilization. and contributions† ( 190 ) . In add-on to these structured instructions. the initial African Americans. which included free inkinesss and slaves. besides attempted to distribute cognition ; nevertheless. most of their early methods were less formal and was sometimes carried through word-of-mouth. The ground why these early black sermonizers in secret taught other black folks about African history could be because of how traditional African societies viewed the construct of history. In the article by Gaglo. he stated that harmonizing to traditional African societies. they believed that â€Å"history played a changeless function in their lives† and it was â€Å"not something that was compartmental ized and academicized† unlike the European and American civilizations ( Gaglo. 606 ) . History was. in other words. non an â€Å"abstract concept† ( 606 ) . Yet. despite these Black Studies advocates’ combined attempts. these crude establishments were frowned upon and were even prohibited from farther operation. Traveling past the centuries of captivity to the disruptive sixtiess. a myriad of extremist motions for women’s rights. labour rights. and civil rights began to occupy America. The originating series of actions forcing for a Black Studies curriculum began in Berkeley at the University of California ( Taylor. 256 ) . Within the same article. Taylor explained the great lengths the Berkeley pupils went to hold their voice and desires fulfilled. Dependent on Nathan Hare. a sociology professor at San Francisco State University. the pupils used his composing â€Å"A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies† to demand the right to hold Black Studies as an available plan on campus ( 256 ) . In the professor’s papers. he defended the Black Studies motion. because he believed it was morally right to supply the blac k pupils â€Å"relevant education† ( Taylor. 257 ) . Another group that was one of the chief advocates of Black Studies was the Black Students Union who focused on the demand for â€Å"blackness† on white-dominating campuses ( Crouchett. 199 ) . Soon. there are several establishments which have Black Studies plans like Yale. Duke. Harvard. UCLA. and UC-Berkeley ( 199 ) . As was explained. the rectification of a Black Studies plans was a long battle. Due to the dogged control of a white supremacist state. the development of Black Studies is still being hindered ( Dagbovie. 605 ) . Scholars and pupils analyzing this field have recognized jobs with acquisition and learning the focal point on African American civilization and history. The primary obstructions are caused by administrative issues ( Phillips. 273 ) . Administrative issues involve fiscal grounds and non-passionate module who chose to learn the subject merely because there is a little sum of Black Studies experts. In fact. there has been a lessening in black bookmans over a span of 30 old ages ( Phillips. 273 ) . From 1940 and 1960. black pedagogues and leaders seemed to lose the thrust to advance Negro history and literature ( Crochett. 198 ) . Missing proper suppor t. Black Studies plans were non able to â€Å"hire and allow term of office to staff members† and. hence. flourish ( 273 ) . .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .postImageUrl , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:hover , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:visited , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:active { border:0!important; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:active , .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155 .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd0713d8b954718f2fb540e6410f3155:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Recycling EssayPeoples hired for Black Studies normally worked in between multiple humanistic disciplines or societal sections and plans. which. as Phillips puts it. unluckily. causes Black Studies to be â€Å"often compromised† for pupils analyzing this field ( 273 ) . In add-on. there is still an air of racism and â€Å"lack of respect† given to this country of research due to its â€Å"questionable legitimacy† ( 273 ) . Even though there are high Numberss of staff members. there are many persons who display a general apathy towards the subject. Many of them have faced occupation application rejections to the more popular Fieldss of survey and. as a consequence. have resorted to Black Studies as a backup program ( Phillips. 273 ) . As some solutions to the administrative issues. it is urged to hold an increased consciousness of the importance of Black Studies. As a suggestion. before a Black Studies plan is erected on a campus. there should be a solid foundation of prepared and enthusiastic module. Those non straight involved with Black Studies. if they wanted to learn this subject. must hold a thorough and basic apprehension. As for the support issues. there should be an equal split of attending to suit all countries of survey in the humanistic disciplines and societal colleges. This survey is of import in that is provides interdisciplinary point of views in the general history of America. This focal point arose to compensate the analysis antecedently dominated in a white domination context. In add-on. it served as manner to educate others about racial favoritism and equality. However. despite its instructions. the subject continues to be regarded as non â€Å"important enough† . This has been displayed through the deficiency of funding the Black Studies have received and the deficiency of high-quality pedagogues in the field of survey. In response. bing Black Studies plans should work together to advance the consciousness and importance of holding such subject. Plants Cited Crouchett. Lawrence. â€Å"Early Black Studies Movements. † Journal of Black Studies 2. 2 ( 1971 ) : 189-200. Print.Dagbovie. Pero G. â€Å"History as a Core Subject Area of African American Studies: Self-Taught and Self-proclaimed African American Historians. 1960s-1980s. † Journal of Black Studies 37. 5 ( 2007 ) : 602-629. Print. Phillips. Mary. â€Å"Black Studies: Challenges and Critical Debates. † Western Journal of Black Studies 34. 2 ( 2010 ) : 273-278. Print.Taylor. Ula. â€Å"Origins of Black Studies at UC-Berkeley† . Journal of WesternBlack Studies 34:2 ( 2010 ) : 256. Print.

Critical Book Review of “Fast Food Nation” Essay Essays

Critical Book Review of â€Å"Fast Food Nation† Essay Essays Critical Book Review of â€Å"Fast Food Nation† Essay Essay Critical Book Review of â€Å"Fast Food Nation† Essay Essay In this essay. an effort is made to critically reexamine the book. â€Å"Fast Food Nation† which deals with the procedure of outgrowth of fast nutrient civilization in America taking to important societal alterations. Analysis The meticulously researched book â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is written by the journalist Eric Schlosser. The writer devotes much attending to unhealthy fast nutrient. labour misdemeanors. and many instances of nutrient toxic condition. The writer gives information sing the procedure of outgrowth of fast nutrient civilization in America ; the wellness issues related to fast nutrient civilization. and the authorities ordinances sing the fast nutrient. In this book. the writer demonstrates the ugly side of American nutrient civilization. Harmonizing to the writer of this book Americans spend more on fast nutrient than on books. films. etc. In 2001. Americans have spent $ 110 billion on fast nutrient. There are 43000 meatpacking workers. Fast nutrient industry spends $ 3 billion to pull the immature people to the fast nutrient centres. The writer states that every American consumes three beefburgers and four orders of Gallic french friess every hebdomad. He says that the societal monetary value of fast nutrient has neglected the traditional American values. The effort of the writer is to reason against the ingestion of fast nutrient by the Americans. He obtained information through fieldwork and by questioning different classs of workers involved in fast nutrient production. The writer argues that the chief ground for opening so many fast nutrient centres was to pull big figure of people to the fast nutrient civilization. This is a portion of the capitalist docket since the fast nutrient centres have increased the capital of the proprietors of these centres. Due to this. few corporations have dominated the fast nutrient concern in America. The writer does non conceal his misgiving sing the cardinal rules of the capitalist system. He has given information sing the economic schemes of the capitalists in popularising the ingestion of fast nutrient among the American young person and other subdivisions of American society. The book besides gives information sing the jobs faced by the teen-aged workers who were paid low rewards. The writer references that one out of every eight worker in America is employed in McDonald. McDonald’s hire about million people a twelvemonth. However. they work under unsafe working conditions. It is mentioned that three companies master 80 per centum of US demand for frozen french friess. The writer visited the abattoirs and comprehended the possible wellness jeopardies both to the workers and the consumers. He mentions that each twelvemonth one in three workers go to sophisticate due to job with their tummy. The writer gives the information that two tierces of fast nutrient workers are under 20 and most of them work 12 hours displacement. To show his statement the writer has used the illustrations. Son from the companies such as MacDonald’s. The fast nutrient civilization has few negative impacts on the wellness and society of America. For case. this has increased the job of fleshiness. These eating houses use points such as murphies and cowss to bring forth the popular nutrient. The usage of points such as oil and method of production of meat has increased the job of fleshiness in America. Fleshiness in the recent old ages has emerged as the one of the most terrible societal and wellness jobs among the American young person. Therefore. fast nutrient civilization can be considered as one factor taking to this job of fleshiness in America. However. the writer has neglected the function of consumer while discoursing the growing of fast nutrient civilization. The writer points out the demand for authorities ordinances to control the freedom of multi national companies in enforcing their capitalist docket on the people. The fast nutrient largely produced and consumed by the younger coevals are non healthy. Sing the wellness jeopardy. the writer refers to E. coli and salmonella infection. The writer blames the politicians for taking money from agri concern capitalists. which has increased the figure of fast nutrient eating houses throughout America. The writer has urged the readers that they should run off from the fast nutrient in order to keep their wellness. The fact that fast nutrient civilization is going popular indicates the outgrowth of important alterations in the American society. The fast nutrient centres have on the one manus created wellness jobs. and. on the other. they have led to alterations in the societal values among the American young person. The writer says that mundane one-fourth of big population in America visit fast nutrient centres. Although people are cognizant of the bad effects of the fast nutrient. still fast nutrients have non lost their popularity. Therefore. the writer does non give clear account sing the grounds for the popularity of these fast nutrient centres. However. the writer. by the usage of statistics. symbols. and examples has succeeded in reasoning against the monopoly of few companies in fast nutrient concern. He has demonstrated the negative impact of fast nutrient on wellness and society of America. Those who read this book would non direct their kids to the fast nutrient centres. Conclusion The book â€Å"Fast Food Nation† has convincingly proved that fast nutrient civilization has led to job of fleshiness and affected the workers and wellness of consumers of fast nutrient. This besides demonstrates that the nature of alterations that would emerge in the future American society.

A monograph about artichoke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

A monograph about artichoke - Essay Example ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 15 A. Cynara 15 B. Helianthus tuberosus 17 C. Stachys affinis 18 VII. PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE 18 A. Cynara 18 a. Antimicrobial Activities 21 b. Antioxidant Activities 22 c. Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibition 22 d. Cardioprotection 23 e. Hepatoprotective and Choleretic 23 f. Dyspepsia 24 g. Anti HIV 24 h. Anticancer 25 B. Helianthus tuberosus 25 A. Stachys affinis 25 Conclusion: 25 REFERENCES 28 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Globe Artichoke Flower 8 Figure 2: Globe Artichoke Thistle 8 Figure 3: Jerusalem Artichoke Plant 9 Figure 4: Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers 9 Figure 5: Chinese Artichoke Plant 10 Figure 6: Chinese Artichoke Tubers 10 Figure 7: Lineage of Cynara 14 Figure 8: Lineage of Helianthus tuberosus 15 Figure 9: Lineage of Stachys affinis 16 Figure 10: Immature Floral Head of Globe Artichoke 18 Figure 11: The three routes in phenylpropanoid metabolism (1, 2 and 3) proposed for Chlorogenic acid (CGA) synthesis (Camino, 2007) 21 ARTICHOKES I. INTRODUCTION Co mmon names, in contrast to scientific names approved by the binomial nomenclature lead to grave confusion in the identification and study of living organisms. A common name indiscreetly applied to varied plants is artichoke. The name artichoke refers to three groups of taxonomically distinct plants; the globe artichoke (Cynara), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and the Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis). While in the latter two the edible part is the tuber, in the former the floral bud is edible. Accordingly the word artichoke also refers to the edible bud of the globe artichoke as well as the edible tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke and the Chinese artichoke. A comparative account of the three plants is presented in table 1. When unspecified the term artichoke refers to globe artichoke or Cynara, a genera of the family Asteraceae that is characterized by the presence of an inflorescence or floral head. Cynara, also known as ‘thistles’ due to the presence of leaves with sharp prickly margins comprises of ten species, all thistle like perennial plants. Table 1: Chief Characteristics of the Three Artichokes Globe artichoke Jerusalem artichoke Chinese artichoke Scientific nomenclature Cynara Helianthus tuberosus L. Stachys affinis Bunge Family Asteraceae Asteraceae Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Edible part Floral bud Tuber Tuber Habitat Light, warm soil with sunny edges Rich and damp areas Wet and submersed areas Distribution Mediterranean basin Eastern North America E. Asia- China, Japan Medicinal use Anticholesterolemic, antirheumatic, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, lithonotripic Aperient. Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stimachic, tonic Anodyne II. HISTORICAL SURVEY A. Cynara Whether Cynara was known to ancient civilization cannot be ascertained. Though artichoke finds mention in ancient literatures, but the varied names used and the equally diverse descriptions have lead different researchers to interpret the ancient authors in differen t ways. While DeCandolle suggests that cultivated globe artichoke was unknown to ancient world, Foury on the basis of writings of Pliny and Columella,

Speech about company's new policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech about company's new policy - Essay Example considering that as the demand for a job position increases and we need a workforce that ensures quality of production, then this necessarily calls for restructuring our policies concerning management of healthcare costs. In this regard, hence, we ought to contemplate and ask whether we should establish a policy of differential premiums for lifestyle-related risks to health or adopt a hands-off policy on an employee’s private behavior and charge the same amount for healthcare coverage across-the-board. We can decide if the first option works more suitably as we examine ways by which to implement a successful premium differentials program that includes a reward system for participative workers. Then we may also deliberate on the points of advantage with respect to the second alternative if we see in our investigation that private behavior must be further addressed so that while one choice focuses on the targeted individuals to avail the premium, the hands-off policy would apply to everyone, obese and non-obese employees alike. Eventually, as similarities and differences are drawn in this process, we can come up with a sound evaluation of which policy directs our organization’s potential to transform improper habits leading to the state of obesity. Through the policy of differential premiums, we gain the opportunity of monitoring our obese employees by making them enroll in a program that promotes cessation of drinking sodas or eating food with high content of sugar. Under this scheme, we can reasonably impose a significant periodic charge for the payment of premium provided that active participants would receive monetary incentives on exhibiting cooperation via renewed attitude and lifestyle. This setting should encourage workers to quit or reduce former inappropriate habits to larger extent and thus, improve their performance at work once health conditions have normalized. We may opt to grant them an annual bonus amount or have them obtain a couple of bucks

Consumers as Individuals Essay Example for Free

Consumers as Individuals Essay The self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Components of the self-concept It is composed of many attributes, some of which are given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept can be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attractiveness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i. e. elf-esteem), intensity, stability over time and accuracy (that is, the degree to which one’s self-assessment corresponds to reality). Self-esteem Self-esteem refers to the positivity of a person’s self-concept. People with low self-esteem do not expect that they will perform very well, and they will try to avoid embarrassment, failure or rejection. People with high self-esteem expect to be successful,, will take more risks and are more willing to be the centre of attention. Self-esteem is often related to acceptance by others. Marketing communications can influence a consumer’s level of self-esteem. Exposure to ads can trigger a process of social comparison, where the person tries to evaluate their self by comparing it to the people in these artificial images. Real and ideal selves Self-esteem is influenced by a process where the consumer compares their actual standing on some attribute to some ideal. The ideal self is a person’s conception of how they would like to be, while the actual self refers to our more realistic appraisal of the qualities we have or lack. And we often engage in a process of impression management where we work hard to ‘manage’ what others think of us by strategically choosing clothing and other cues that will put us in a good light. The ideal self is partly moulded by elements of the consumer’s culture, such as heroes or people depicted in advertising who serve as models of achievement or apprearance. Products may be purchased because they are believed to be instrumental in helping us achieve these goals. Some products are chosen because they are reaching the standard set by the ideal self. Multiple selves We have as many selves as we do different social roles. Depending on the situation, we act differently, use different products and services, and we even vary in terms of how much we like ourselves. A person may require a different set of products to play a desired role. The self can be thought of as having different components, or role identities, and only some of these are active at any given time. Symbolic interactionism If each person potentially has many social selves, how does each develop and how do we decide which self to ‘activate’ at any point in time? The sociological tradition of symbolic interactionism stresses that relationships with other people play a large part in forming the self. This perspective maintains that people exist in a symbolic environment, and the meaning attached to any situation or object is determined by the interpretation of these symbols. Like other social objects, the meanings of consumers themselves are defined b social consensus. The consumer interprets their own identity, and this assessment is continually evolving as they encounter new situations and people. The looking-glass self When you choose an article of clothing, the mirror superimposes it on your reflection so that you can see how it would look on you. This process of imagining the reactions of others towards us is known as ‘taking the role of the other’, or the looking-glass self. According to this view, our desire to define ourselves operates as a sort of psychological sonar, we take readings of our own identify by ‘bouncing’ signals off others and trying to project what impression they have of us. Self-conciousness There are times when people seem to be painfully aware of themselves. If you have ever walked into a class in the middle of a lecture and noticed that all eyes were on you, you can understand this feeling of self-conciousness. Some people seem in general to be more sensitive to the image they communicate to others. A heightened concern about he nature of one’s public ‘image’ also results in more concern about the social appropriateness of products and consumption activities. Several measures have been devised to measure this tendency. Consumers who score high on a scale of public self-conciousness, for example, are also more interested in clothing and are heavier users of cosmetic. A similar measure is self-monitoring. High self-monitors are more attuned to how they present themselves in their social environments, and their product choices are influenced by their estimates of how these items will be perceived by others. High self-monitors are more likely than low self-monitors to evaluate products consumed in public in terms of the impressions they make on others. Products that shape the self: you are what you consume Recall that the reflected self helps to shape self-concept, which implies hat people see themselves as they imagine others see them. People use an individual’s consumption behaviours to help them make judgements about that person’s social identity. A consumer exhibits attachment to an object to the extent that it is used by that person to maintain their self-concept. Objects can act as a sort of security blanket by reinforcing our identities, especially in unfamiliar situations. Symbolic self-completion theory predicts that people who have an incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it. Self/product congruence Because many consumption activities are related to self-definition, it is not surprising to learn that consumers demonstrate consistency between their values and the things they buy. Self-image congruence models predict that products will be chosen when their attributes match some aspect of the self. These models assume a process of cognitive matching between these attributes and the consumer’s self-image. Research tends to support the idea of congruence between product usage and self-image. Congruity has also been found between consumers and their most preferred brands of beer, soap, toothpaste and cigarettes relative to their least preferred brands, as well as between consumers’ self-images and their favourite shops. Some specific attributes that have been found to be useful in describing some of the matches between consumers and products include rugged/delicate, excitable/calm,†¦. The extended self. Many of the props and settings consumers use to define their social roles in a sense become a part of their selves. Those external objects that we consider a part of us comprise the extended self. Many material objects, ranging from personal possessions and pets to national monuments or landmarks, help to form a consumer’s identity. Four levels of the extended self were described. These range from very personal objects to places and things that allow people to feel like they are rooted in their larger social environments. †¢ Individual level. Consumers include many of their personal possessions in self-definition. These products can include jewellery, cars, clothing and so on. The saying ‘You are what you wear’ reflects the belief that one’s things are a part of what one is. †¢ Family level. This part of the extended self includes a consumer’s residence and its furnishings. The house can be thought of as a symbolic body for the family and often is a central aspect of identity. †¢ Community level. It is common for consumers to describe themselves in terms of the neighbourhood or town from which they come. †¢ Group level. Our attachments to certain social groups can be considered a part of self. A consumer may feel that landmarks, monuments or sports teams are a part of the extended self. Sexual identity is a very important component of a consumer’s self-concept. People often conform to their culture’s expectations about how those of their gender should act, dress, speak and so on. To the extent that our culture is everything that we learn, then virtually all aspects of the consumption process must be affected by culture. Gender differences in socialization A society’s assumptions about the proper roles of men and women are communicated in terms of the ideal behaviours that are stressed for each sex (in advertising, among other places). Gender goals and expectations In many societies, males are controlled by agentic goals, which stress self-assertion and mastery. Females, on the other hand, are taught to value communal goals such as affiliation and the fostering of harmonious relations. Every society creates a set of expectations regarding the behaviours appropriate for men and women, and finds ways to communicate these priorities. Gender vs. sexual identity Sex role identity is a state of mind as well as body. A person’s biological gender does not totally determine whether they will exhibit sex-typed traits, or characteristics that are stereotypically associated with one sex or the other. A consumer’s subjective feelings about their sexuality are crucial as well.

Identifying Two Unknown Species of Bacteria Essay -- Escherichia Coli

Identifying Two Unknown Species of Bacteria Materials and Methods Week 1, Day 1 (10 November 2000) The first day an unknown sample was assigned to each group of students. The first test applied was a gram stain to test for gram positive or gram-negative bacteria. The morphology of the two types of bacteria was viewed under the microscope and recorded. Then the sample was put on agar plates using the quadrant streak method for isolation. There were three agar plates; one was incubated at room temperature, the second at 30 degrees Celsius, and the third at 37 degrees Celsius. By placing each plate at a different temperature optimal growth temperature can be predicted for both species of bacteria. Week 1, Day 2 (12 November 2000) After 48 hours of incubation the agar plates were viewed. Individual colonies were tested for successful isolation by gram staining and then viewing the stained bacteria under a microscope. Isolation was successful. One colony of each unknown bacteria was transferred to an agar slant for growth. The agar slants were stored at room temperature over the weekend so that they would not grow too much. Week 2, Day 1 (17 November 2000) After 5 days of growth each slant was tested using the gram staining technique to confirm the complete isolation of the bacteria. Both isolations were completely successful. Then each sample of bacteria was subjected to a series of tests for identification. One bacterium was gram negative. It underwent four different tests. These tests were the EMB test (Eosin Mehylene Blue), the Sulfur Indole Motility (SIM) test, the Urease test, and the Simmon’s Citrate Utilization test. The EMB test checks for a bacteria’s ability to ferment lactose. This test is accomplished by placing the bacteria on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. The agar is selective for gram negative bacteria and those bacteria that can ferment lactose will have colored growth, usually a metallic green sheen. The Sulfur Indole Motility agar tests for three separate characteristics; sulfur reduction, indole production, and motility. The SIM medium is a semisolid medium; this facilitates the motility test. The medium contains sulfur, if the bacterium has the ability to reduce sulfur the medium will turn black. The medium also contains tryptophan. If the bacterium has the enzyme tryptophanase, indole will be ... ...indole, it is motile, there is no urease present and there is no coagulase activity. By deduction and logical reasoning Unknown 10a was determined to be Escherichia coli. Unknown 10b is Staphylococcus epidermidis. According to Bergey’s Manual Staphylococcus bacteria are gram positive spherical cells that occur singly, in pairs or in irregular clusters. Unknown 10b was gram positive, spherical and occurred in clusters. Bergey’s Manual also says the bacteria grow well in high salt concentrations. Unknown 10b grew well on the mannitol salt agar. The optimum growing temperature is 30-37 degrees Celsius (Bergey’s Manual). Unknown 10b grew best at 37 degrees Celsius. The lab manual and past lab results confirmed all other test results. Unknown 10b was only able to use gamma lysis, it was unable to ferment mannitol and had no coagulase activity. When comparing to past labs it is confirmed that Unknown 10b is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Unknown #10 contained two bacteria they are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. References 1.Holt, John G. et al Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1994. 2.Merkel, Brian Microbiology Laboratory, 2000.

Population and Economic Growth Essay

The debate between positive and negative sides of population growth is ongoing. Population growth enlarges labour force and, therefore, increases economic growth. A large population also provides a large domestic market for the economy. Moreover, population growth encourages competition, which induces technological advancements and innovations. Nevertheless, a large population growth is not only associated with food problem but also imposes constraints on the development of savings, foreign exchange and human resources. Generally, there is no consensus whether population growth is beneficial or detrimental to economic growth in developing economies. Moreover, empirical evidence on the matter for developing economies is relatively limited (Savas, 2008). According to Population ‘revisionist’ economists, population growth acts as an indispensable constituent for stimulating economic development because a sizeable population provides the required consumer demand to generate favorable economies of scale in production, lower production costs, and provide a sufficient and low-cost labor supply to achieve higher output levels (Todaro 1995, p. 03). Johnson (1999) pointed out that a high rate of economic growth is associated with high population growth and low economic growth is associated with low population growth. The issue of population and economic growth is as old as the discipline ofeconomics itself. The debate on the relationship between population andeconomic growth could be traced back to 1798 when Thomas Malthus published the book An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus claimed that there is a tendency for the population growth rate to surpass the production growth rate because population increases at a geometrical rate while production increases at an arithmetic rate. Thus, the unfettered population growth in a country could plunge it into acute poverty. However, the pessimist view has proven unfounded for developed economies in that they managed to achieve a high level of economic growth and thus, both population and the real gross domestic product (GDP)per capita were able to increase (Savas, 2008). Similarly, many of the empirical studies that claimedthat a rapid population growth impeded economicdevelopment could not be considered reliable. This isbecause the statistical correlation between populationexpansion and economic growth has not addressed thecausal relationship between the two (Repetto, 1985). The nature, direction and pattern of the causal relationship between population growth and economic growth has been the subject of very old debate among economists, demographers, policy-makers and researchers which is an open issue in development economics. Even though the nexus between population development and economic development has received extensive attention in the earlier period, it seems a stylized reality that it is hard to obtain a robust effect of population on economic development today. Despite the fact that there are abundant research studies on the relationship between population and economic development, there is no universal consensus as to whether population expansion is beneficial or detrimental to economic growth. (SarbapriyaandIshita, 2012). Population and Economic Growth  The debate on the relationship between population and economic growth could be traced back to Malthus. According to Malthus, population tends to grow geometrically, whereas food supplies grow only arithmetically. According to the Malthusian model, the causation goes in both directions. Higher economic growth increases population by stimulating earlier marriages and higher birth rates, and by cutting down mortality from malnutrition and other factors. On the other hand, higher population also depresses economic growth through diminishing returns. This dynamic interaction between population and economic growth is the centre of the Malthusian model, which implies a stationary population in the long-run equilibrium. Malthus’s concern created quite a stir in the early nineteenth century England, leading to widespread calls for restraints on population growth. Still, the English population expanded quite rapidly throughout the nineteenth century, but by most evidence real income rose and the spectre of mass starvation declined(Sarbapriya and Ishita, 2012). One of the stylized facts about population in all contemporary developed nations is that over the past couple of centuries it has passed through three stages (i. e. , demographic transition). The first stage is characterized by high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in a slow population growth. In thesecond stage there was a decrease in death rates, however the birth rates remained high as a consequence of increases in population. Finally, in the third stage, fertility rates fell and combined with low mortality rates resulted in very low or no population growth. The usual explanations for the time evolution of population relies generally on the idea that the improvement of economic conditions – which includes massive improvements in public health – led first to a reduction in the mortality rates, and finally to a decrease in the birth rates. As income per capita is a good proxy for economic conditions because it reflects, among other things, the impact of technology, education and health, the usual explanations therefore suggest that there is a strong link between per capita income and population. Indeed, the main theories put forward by economists to explain the evolution of population relates it to per capita income not aggregate output. This implies that there is a direct relation between per capita income and population size, an increase in income per capita leads to an increase in the size of population ((Sarbapriya and Ishita, 2012) The relationship between population and economicgrowth is complex and the empirical evidence is ambiguous, particularly concerning the causes and impacts3. It can be demonstrated in a theoretical model that a large population growth could have both negative and positive impacts on productivity4. A large population may reduce productivity because of diminishing returns to more intensive use of land and other natural resources. Conversely, a large population could encourage greater specialization, and a large market increases returns to human capital and knowledge. Thus, the net relationship between greater population and economic growth depends on whether the inducements to human capital and expansion of knowledge are stronger than diminishing returns to natural resources. Therefore, it is important to examine the population and economic growth nexus (Savas, 2008).